> <dsig:RetrievalMethod > Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#RSAKeyValue" .../> I totally agree with you; this means that it is expecting to see a <dsig:RSAKeyValue> element. That last paragraph of sec 4.4.3 make that, err, uhm, "clear": "an element or document with that element as the root" /r$